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natural superiority

  • 1 natural superiority

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > natural superiority

  • 2 superiority

    сущ.
    общ. превосходство (наличие более высокого статуса в некоторой структуре отношений или более высоких способностей в какой-л. области; в том числе о неодушевленных предметах)

    economic( al) superiority — экономическое превосходство

    quantitative [numerical\] superiority — количественное превосходство

    superiority claim — утверждение о превосходстве, притязание на превосходство

    to seek superiority — искать [добиваться\] превосходства

    Syn:
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > superiority

  • 3 superiority

    1. n старшинство
    2. n превосходство, преимущество
    3. n юр. преимущественное право
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. better (noun) better; upper hand; victory; whip hand
    2. edge (noun) advantage; edge; jump; vantage
    3. excellence (noun) consummation; control; domination; excellence; expertise; faultlessness; fineness; flawlessness; ideal; incomparability; magnificence; perfection; power; predominance; preeminence; supremacy; virtuosity
    4. pride (noun) arrogance; disdain; haughtiness; insolence; loftiness; presumption; pride; superciliousness
    Антонимический ряд:

    English-Russian base dictionary > superiority

  • 4 superiority

    [s(j)u:pı(ə)rıʹɒrıtı] n
    1. 1) старшинство
    2) превосходство, преимущество

    natural superiority - естественное /природное/ превосходство

    material superiority - шахм. материальное преимущество

    2. юр. преимущественное право

    НБАРС > superiority

  • 5 superiority

    sju:ˌpɪərɪˈɔrɪtɪ сущ.
    1) старшинство;
    превосходство, преимущество to achieve, establish superiority ≈ достичь превосходства We have air superiority. ≈ У нас превосходство в воздухе. clear superiority superiority complex Syn: seniority старшинство превосходство, преимущество - natural * естественное /природное/ превосходство - military * военное превосходство - material * (шахматное) материальное преимущество - air * превосходство в воздухе - to assume the air of * принять высокомерный вид (юридическое) преимущественное право superiority старшинство;
    превосходство ~ attr.: ~ complex сихол. чувство превосходства над окружающими, мания величия ~ attr.: ~ complex сихол. чувство превосходства над окружающими, мания величия

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > superiority

  • 6 technical superiority

    English-Russian base dictionary > technical superiority

  • 7 effortless

    adjective (done without (apparent) effort: The dancer's movements looked effortless.) sin esfuerzo, fácil
    tr['efətləs]
    1 fácil, sin esfuerzo
    effortless ['ɛfərtləs] adj
    : fácil, sin esfuerzo
    adj.
    • fácil adj.
    • nada penoso adj.
    'efərtləs, 'efətlɪs
    adjective < grace> natural; <prose/style> fluido
    ['efǝtlɪs]
    ADJ [success, victory] fácil; [charm, superiority, grace] natural

    she danced across the room with light, effortless movements — cruzó la habitación bailando con movimientos ligeros, hechos sin esfuerzo

    * * *
    ['efərtləs, 'efətlɪs]
    adjective < grace> natural; <prose/style> fluido

    English-spanish dictionary > effortless

  • 8 Epistemology

       1) Beyond Psychophysiology and Sociology and History of Science There Is Nothing for Epistemology to Do
       If we have psychophysiology to cover causal mechanisms, and the sociology and history of science to note the occasions on which observation sentences are invoked or dodged in constructing and dismantling theories, then epistemology has nothing to do. (Rorty, 1979, p. 225)
       But I think that at this point it may be more useful to say rather that epistemology still goes on, though in a new setting and a clarified status. Epistemology, or something like it, simply falls into place as a chapter of psychology and hence of natural science. It studies a natural phenomenon, viz, a physical human subject. This human subject is accorded a certain experimentally controlled input-certain patterns of irradiation in assorted frequencies, for instance-and in the fullness of time the subject delivers as output a description of the three-dimensional external world and its history. The relation between the meager input and the torrential output is a relation that we are prompted to study for somewhat the same reasons that always prompted epistemology; namely, in order to see how evidence relates to theory, and in what ways one's theory of nature transcends any available evidence. (Quine, quoted in Royce & Rozeboom, 1972, p. 18)
       3) The Assumption That Cognitive Psychology Has Epistemological Import Can Be Challenged
       Only the assumption, that one day the various taxonomies put together by, for example, Chomsky, Piaget, Leґvi-Strauss, Marx, and Freud will all flow together and spell out one great Universal Language of Nature... would suggest that cognitive psychology had epistemological import. But that suggestion would still be as misguided as the suggestion that, since we may predict everything by knowing enough about matter in motion, a completed neurophysiology will help us demonstrate Galileo's superiority to his contemporaries. The gap between explaining ourselves and justifying ourselves is just as great whether a programming language or a hardware language is used in the explanations. (Rorty, 1979, p. 249)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Epistemology

  • 9 Logic

       My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)
       I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)
       To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)
       [L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)
       There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)
       The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic

  • 10 sophisticated

    •• sophisticated, sophistication

    •• Sophisticated having or showing worldly knowledge or experience; complex or intricate, as a system or process (The Random House Dictionary).
    •• Много лет назад я услышал песню Дюка Эллингтона Sophisticated Lady. И никак не мог подобрать подходящего слова по-русски. Что же это за женщина такая? Словари предлагают разные варианты – утонченная, искушенная, изощренная и т.д. Все не то. Я пробовал и другие варианты – опытная, рафинированная? Тоже не то. Некоторое время мне казался удачным перевод элегантная леди. В конце концов пришел к выводу, что в заимствованное из английского языка слово леди русский человек вообще вкладывает те самые оттенки значения, которые есть в слове sophisticated (определение в Oxford American Dictionary: characteristic of fashionable life and ways, experienced in this and lacking natural simplicity). И стал переводить это название Настоящая леди (правда, предлагался – на основе того же толкования – и такой перевод: Тонкая штучка, но мне он кажется вульгарным).
    •• Теперь более серьезно об этом слове. Помимо первого значения у него есть и другое (complicated, elaborate). В словаре The Synonym Finder by J.I. Rodale находим и такие синонимы: advanced, very modern, latest, highly developed, fancy, excellent (относится к machinery and equipment).
    •• Но вот недавно встретился в журнале National Interest такой текст: NATO... can be seen as an unusually sophisticated system of military protectorates. И дальше: These institutions [the IMF, the World Bank, etc.] can be seen as an unusually sophisticated system of economic organization from an imperial center. Думаю, ни изощренная (система), ни сложная, ни разветвленная здесь не подходит. В русском языке есть не всегда легко передающееся по-английски слово продуманный. Думаю, что оно на месте именно здесь (и хорошо соответствует глубинному смыслу этого значения английского слова): необычайно (тонко) продуманная система военных протекторатов в первом случае и экономической организации из имперского центра во втором. Оказывается, аналогичные варианты перевода могут быть оптимальными и в других случаях: Sophisticated search techniques would be required to locate faint objects (Space Handbook). – Для поиска слабо светящихся объектов потребуются сложные/более сложные/тщательно разработанные методы.
    •• Интересный пример из газеты Guardian: It is useful to have a closer look at the sophistication of U.S. republicans as they go through the caucuses and primaries by which they choose their Presidential nominee. Слово sophistication в данном случае означает осведомленность и (по смыслу статьи) уровень мышления и даже серьезность (см. статью серьезный в русской части словаря). Technological sophistication spelled superiority in the military sphere (W. Murray). – Высокий уровень технологий обеспечивал превосходство в военной сфере. Еще интересный пример аналогичного плана: ...greater sophistication among working people about the relationship between their income and the growth of their companies (Bill Clinton, quoted in Business Week). Здесь можно сказать: ...более высокий уровень понимания рабочими...
    •• Webster’s Third New International Dictionary дает и еще одно, сравнительно редкое значение – devoid of the obvious traditional or popular appeal (a sophisticated novel). Это, по-видимому, заумный роман.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > sophisticated

  • 11 sophistication

    •• sophisticated, sophistication

    •• Sophisticated having or showing worldly knowledge or experience; complex or intricate, as a system or process (The Random House Dictionary).
    •• Много лет назад я услышал песню Дюка Эллингтона Sophisticated Lady. И никак не мог подобрать подходящего слова по-русски. Что же это за женщина такая? Словари предлагают разные варианты – утонченная, искушенная, изощренная и т.д. Все не то. Я пробовал и другие варианты – опытная, рафинированная? Тоже не то. Некоторое время мне казался удачным перевод элегантная леди. В конце концов пришел к выводу, что в заимствованное из английского языка слово леди русский человек вообще вкладывает те самые оттенки значения, которые есть в слове sophisticated (определение в Oxford American Dictionary: characteristic of fashionable life and ways, experienced in this and lacking natural simplicity). И стал переводить это название Настоящая леди (правда, предлагался – на основе того же толкования – и такой перевод: Тонкая штучка, но мне он кажется вульгарным).
    •• Теперь более серьезно об этом слове. Помимо первого значения у него есть и другое (complicated, elaborate). В словаре The Synonym Finder by J.I. Rodale находим и такие синонимы: advanced, very modern, latest, highly developed, fancy, excellent (относится к machinery and equipment).
    •• Но вот недавно встретился в журнале National Interest такой текст: NATO... can be seen as an unusually sophisticated system of military protectorates. И дальше: These institutions [the IMF, the World Bank, etc.] can be seen as an unusually sophisticated system of economic organization from an imperial center. Думаю, ни изощренная (система), ни сложная, ни разветвленная здесь не подходит. В русском языке есть не всегда легко передающееся по-английски слово продуманный. Думаю, что оно на месте именно здесь (и хорошо соответствует глубинному смыслу этого значения английского слова): необычайно (тонко) продуманная система военных протекторатов в первом случае и экономической организации из имперского центра во втором. Оказывается, аналогичные варианты перевода могут быть оптимальными и в других случаях: Sophisticated search techniques would be required to locate faint objects (Space Handbook). – Для поиска слабо светящихся объектов потребуются сложные/более сложные/тщательно разработанные методы.
    •• Интересный пример из газеты Guardian: It is useful to have a closer look at the sophistication of U.S. republicans as they go through the caucuses and primaries by which they choose their Presidential nominee. Слово sophistication в данном случае означает осведомленность и (по смыслу статьи) уровень мышления и даже серьезность (см. статью серьезный в русской части словаря). Technological sophistication spelled superiority in the military sphere (W. Murray). – Высокий уровень технологий обеспечивал превосходство в военной сфере. Еще интересный пример аналогичного плана: ...greater sophistication among working people about the relationship between their income and the growth of their companies (Bill Clinton, quoted in Business Week). Здесь можно сказать: ...более высокий уровень понимания рабочими...
    •• Webster’s Third New International Dictionary дает и еще одно, сравнительно редкое значение – devoid of the obvious traditional or popular appeal (a sophisticated novel). Это, по-видимому, заумный роман.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > sophistication

  • 12 Advantage

    subs.
    Gain: P. and V. κέρδος, τό, λῆμμα, τό.
    Benefit: P. and V. ὠφέλεια, ἡ, ὄφελος, τό, ὄνησις, ἡ, Ar. and V. ὠφέλημα, τό, V. ὠφέλησις, ἡ.
    Superiority: P. πλεονεξία, ἡ, πλεονέκτημα, τό.
    To the advantage of, in favour of: P. and V. πρός (gen.).
    Have the advantage, v.: P. περιεῖναι, πλέον ἔχειν.
    Get the advantage of, v.: P. πλεονεκτεῖν (gen.), πλέον φέρεσθαι (gen.), πλέον ἔχειν (gen.).
    Take advantage of, v.: P. and V. ἀπολαύειν (gen.).
    Use: P. and V. χρῆσθαι (dat.).
    Derive advantage, v.: P. and V. κερδαίνειν ὀνίνασθαι.
    Fight at an advantage: P. ἐκ περιόντος ἀγωνίζεσθαι (Τhuc. 8, 46).
    It is a great advantage for him to be sole master of the whole position: τὸ εἶναι ἐκεῖνον ἕνα ὅντα κύριον... πολλῷ προέχει (Dem. 10).
    Tyrants have no such advantages: P. τοῖς δὲ τυράννοις οὐδὲν ὑπάρχει τοιοῦτον (Isoc. 15, C).
    The borrower has the advantage of us in everything: P. ὁ δανειζόμενος ἐν παντὶ προέχει ἡμῶν (Dem. 1283).
    We have many natural advantages in war: P. πρὸς πόλεμον πολλὰ φύσει πλεονεκτήματα ἡμῖν ὑπάρχει (Dem. 124).
    What advantage is there? V. τί δʼ ἔστι τὸ πλέον; (Eur., Phoen. 553).
    What advantage will it be to the dead? P. τί ἔσται πλέον τῷ γε ἀποθανόντι; (Antiphon, 140.)
    ——————
    v. trans.
    See Benefit.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Advantage

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